Since 1996, the number of cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis has increased dramatically in Ouagadougou. Leishmania major, zymodeme MON74 was the only strain isolated in this focus. An epidemiological study of the phlebotomine sandflies fauna has been undertaken. Collections of sandflies have been carried out in six areas of the town during one year with two intensive collections at the end of the dry (May-June) and wet seasons (September-October). The only species of genus Phlebotomus captured was P. duboscqi. This represented 11.2% from the 4,676 collected sandflies. P. duboscqi is a well known vector of L. major, nevertheless, none of the collected sandflies were infected with L. major. 16 species of Sergentomyia were present in the south area of Ouagadougou and S. schwetzi was the most abundant sandfly.