Prostanoids play pivotal roles in inflammation and pain. Cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors, the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), depress prostanoid formation and are widely used to treat inflammatory pain. However, their therapeutic benefit is offset by serious side-effects, primarily gastrointestinal and cardiovascular complications. Pathway elements downstream of the COX enzymes, particularly the terminal synthases and receptors of prostaglandin E(2), have been proposed as alternative targets for the development of novel NSAID like drugs. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on the roles of individual prostanoids in modulating inflammatory pain.