We investigated whether autocrine transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) production modulates Bcl-xL expression during megakaryocytic differentiation of CD34+ cells isolated from normal individuals from patients with refractory anemia with excess of blasts (RAEB). We found that autocrine TGF-β1 production up-regulates Bcl-xL expression in normal megakaryocytopoiesis, and that this pathway is altered in RAEB cells.