Diabetes is intimately related with cognitive decline and dementia, which are characterized by impaired cognitive function and structural and neurochemical abnormalities in the brain. Epidemiologic evidence indicates that diabetes is a risk factor for several neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and cerebral ischemic stroke. Although the pathogenic mechanisms by which diabetes increases the predisposition for neurodegenerative events remain unclear, it has been proposed that hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress may constitute a critical phenomenon. Moreover, the inflammatory response associated with oxidative and nitrosative stress may contribute to the aggravation of neurodegeneration upon hyperglycemia. Also, abnormalities in insulin signaling pathways have been recognized as crucial events underlying diabetes-associated cognitive dysfunction. In this review, we briefly overview the pathological mechanisms underlying neurodegenerative diseases associated with diabetes. We will also discuss the existing therapeutic approaches aimed at counteracting diabetes associated neurodegeneration. Introduction Diabetes mellitus is a common metabolic disorder caused by complex interaction between genetics and environmental factors [1]. Worldwide the prevalence of this 1111111 Correspondence/Reprint request: Dr.