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Design and Throughput Simulations of a Hard X-Ray Split and Delay Line for the MID Station at the European XFEL

Proceedings article published in 2015 by W. Lu, T. Noll, T. Roth, I. Agapov, G. Geloni, M. Holler ORCID, J. Hallmann, G. Ansaldi, S. Eisebitt, A. Madsen
This paper is available in a repository.
This paper is available in a repository.

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Abstract

A hard X-ray Split and Delay Line (SDL) under development for the Materials Imaging and Dynamics (MID) station at the European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser (XFEL.EU) is presented. This device will provide pairs of X-ray pulses with a variable time delay ranging from-10 ps to 800 ps in a photon energy range from 5 to 10 keV. Throughput simulations in the SASE case indicate a total transmission of 1.1% or 3.5% depending on the operation mode. In the self-seeded case of XFEL.EU operation simulations indicate that the transmission can be improved to more than 11%. INTRODUCTION The intense, ultra-short, and coherent X-ray pulses provided by X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) open up areas of research with X-rays that were previously inaccessible. Taking advantage of these outstanding beam properties, the forthcoming Materials Imaging and Dynamics (MID) instrument at European XFEL facility [1, 2] aims at the investigation of nanoscale structure and dynamics by X-ray scattering and imaging. Applications to a wide range of materials from hard to soft condensed matter and biological samples are envisaged. The European XFEL facility (XFEL.EU) will provide X-ray pulses separated by 220 ns in 0.6 ms long bunch trains arriving with a repetition rate of 10 Hz [1]. Probably, special operation modes will permit the pulse spacing within the trains to be reduced to ~800 ps (defined by the accelerator RF frequency) for a few pulses per train. Shorter time separation between individual pulses cannot be provided by the accelerator. Hence, in order to access ultrafast dynamics below 800 ps in the time domain an X-ray split and delay line (SDL) is required at the MID station. In this proceeding article, we report about the concept and the mechanical design of hard X-ray SDL for the MID station at XFEL.EU. The SDL is optimized to operate in a photon energy range from 5 to 10 keV and provides pairs of jitter-free X-ray pulses with a variable time delay ranging from-10 ps to 800 ps. Simulations are presented to address the total throughput of the SDL in the optical splitting scheme, both with SASE and self-seeded beams. CONCEPTUAL LAYOUT Figure 1 shows a sketch of the SDL concept based on symmetric Bragg diffraction from perfect Si (220) crystals. The incoming FEL pulse is separated in two parts by a beam splitter and the split pulses take two different trajectories (upper and lower branch). By changing the path length of the upper branch, the difference in arrival times (Δt) between the two pulses can be varied from 0 to the desired 800 ps with a few fs precision. In order to