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Wiley, Chemistry - A European Journal, 36(19), p. 11949-11962, 2013

DOI: 10.1002/chem.201300809

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Multinuclear Solid-State Magnetic Resonance as a Sensitive Probe of Structural Changes upon the Occurrence of Halogen Bonding in Co-crystals

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This paper is available in a repository.

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Abstract

Although the understanding of intermolecular interactions, such as hydrogen bonding, is relatively well-developed, many additional weak interactions work both in tandem and competitively to stabilize a given crystal structure. Due to a wide array of potential applications, a substantial effort has been invested in understanding the halogen bond. Here, we explore the utility of multinuclear ((13) C, (14/15) N, (19) F, and (127) I) solid-state magnetic resonance experiments in characterizing the electronic and structural changes which take place upon the formation of five halogen-bonded co-crystalline product materials. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD) structures of three novel co-crystals which exhibit a 1:1 stoichiometry between decamethonium diiodide (i.e., [(CH3 )3 N(+) (CH2 )10 N(+) (CH3 )3 ][2 I(-) ]) and different para-dihalogen-substituted benzene moieties (i.e., p-C6 X2 Y4 , X=Br, I; Y=H, F) are presented. (13) C and (15) N NMR experiments carried out on these and related systems validate sample purity, but also serve as indirect probes of the formation of a halogen bond in the co-crystal complexes in the solid state. Long-range changes in the electronic environment, which manifest through changes in the electric field gradient (EFG) tensor, are quantitatively measured using (14) N NMR spectroscopy, with a systematic decrease in the (14) N quadrupolar coupling constant (CQ ) observed upon halogen bond formation. Attempts at (127) I solid-state NMR spectroscopy experiments are presented and variable-temperature (19) F NMR experiments are used to distinguish between dynamic and static disorder in selected product materials, which could not be conclusively established using solely XRD. Quantum chemical calculations using the gauge-including projector augmented-wave (GIPAW) or relativistic zeroth-order regular approximation (ZORA) density functional theory (DFT) approaches complement the experimental NMR measurements and provide theoretical corroboration for the changes in NMR parameters observed upon the formation of a halogen bond.