The history of landscape alteration in Amazonia by humans prior to the arrival of Europeans remains poorly understood. Estimates of human population size at the time of European contact vary by several million, and the trajectories of cultural and agricultural development are equally uncertain. The extent to which human populations altered Amazonian ecosystems is a function of population size, land management style, radius of influence of each subpopulation, and the temporal development of settlements. Here we report evidence that relates to the temporal and spatial scales of human disturbance in western Amazonia. Three lake sediment records and 94 terrestrial soil cores located 0–12 km from the adjacent lake were used to examine scales of pre-Columbian human impacts at two sites in western Amazonian forests. Lake sediment and soil charcoal records indicate discontinuous and localized burning around the study areas. Terrestrial soil phytolith and nutrient analyses reveal a range in disturbance intensity between the two sites but contain no evidence of large-scale forest clearing or anthropogenic soil enrichment. Our data suggest that while all of the settings examined were occupied or used, the halo of influence around each was limited. It should not be assumed that intensive landscape transformations by prehistoric human populations occurred throughout Amazonia or that Amazonian forests were resilient in the face of heavy historical disturbance.