Hypertension affects approximately 25% of the adult population worldwide, generating considerable costs in health expenses due to its prevalence and the presence of associated comorbidities. An important group of these do not achieve adequate control of blood pressure despite having a wide therapeutic arsenal and consequently higher cerebral, cardiac and vascular morbidity and mortality. Historical knowledge of the effect of sympathetic denervation on the control of blood pressure is the starting point of new technologies that aim to modulate the activity of the sympathetic nervous system and its effect on neuro-humoral axes, which may eventually allow appropriate control of blood pressure in most of these difficult to treat patients. In this article it is analyzed the effect of the kidneys’ sympathetic activity in the pathophysiology of hypertension and how percutaneous denervation of the renal arteries can achieve significant reductions in blood pressure. It is reviewed the evidence available to this date of a promising therapeutic intervention which currently is under development.