This chapter discusses recent progress made in the development and validation of noninvasive measures and methods for investigating noradrenergic function in humans. These methods include functional imaging, scalp electrophysiology, the application of computational models of the monkey noradrenergic system to the study of human attention phenomena, pupillometry, and psychopharmacology. This methodological progress has opened up new opportunities for testing predictions and further development of theories of noradrenergic function. © The International Association for the study of Attention and Performance, 2011. All rights reserved.