Basaltic sands cover several plains in volcanic regions on Earth and dominate the aeolian sediments on Mars but basaltic sands are not as well characterized as felsic sands. The Lambahraun sandy–lava plain in Iceland was chosen as a martian analog to study the physical sorting of basaltic sands. The strong winds affecting the plain and its young age (< 4000 yr) have preserved unaltered sand grains. Sands displayed subtle differences in bulk chemical composition from the basaltic source rocks suggesting that mineral abundances are modified by the aeolian transport. A paired enrichment in Mg and Ni in sands relative to the source rock is observed and results from a higher proportion of olivine grains in sand. This enrichment is variable among sand samples and is correlated with the decrease of the mean grain size of sand; a value related to the degree of aeolian sorting. This enrichment is explained by the presence of well-developed olivine minerals (100 to 500 μm in length) in the source rocks, olivine hardness and density, and the removal of plagioclases. As olivine has been detected by spectral data in several sand dunes on Mars, these results have important implications for martian studies. It shows that olivine abundances deduced from spectral data on martian sand dunes could overestimate that of the source rocks, whereas the presence of a few percents of olivine in the rocks can cause olivine enrichment by aeolian processes. In general, our results show that mineral segregation in basaltic sands should be considered when mineralogical and chemical data of the Mars surface are interpreted.Highlights► Basaltic sands are affected by aeolian segregation producing olivine-enrichment. ► Olivine enrichment is revealed by paired enrichment in Mg and Ni. ► Olivine enrichment is anti-correlated with the mean grain size. ► Olivine enrichment in basaltic sands should be considered for Mars data.