Background In computed tomography (CT), there is increasing concern for potential CT radiation hazards. Several raw-data-based iterative reconstruction techniques attempt to facilitate low-dose imaging without compromising image quality, which raises the question whether these techniques may allow further dose reduction. Purpose To compare image quality of iterative reconstruction and filtered back projection in low-dose abdominal CT and study the potential for further dose reduction. Material and Methods Forty-five patients underwent CT of the abdomen twice: with standard low-dose technique and with 30% reduced dose, using both iterative reconstruction and filtered back projection. Four radiologists made pair-wise image quality assessment using five visual criteria. Visual grading regression (VGR) and weighted kappa ( κ_w) were used to analyze the data. Results There were significant effects of log(mAs) ( P <0.001) and reconstruction algorithm ( P <0.01) on all image quality criteria with an estimated potential dose reduction of 5–9%. Inter-observer agreement ranged from 70% to 91% and κ_w from −0.01 to 0.57. Conclusion An iterative reconstruction algorithm improved image quality in abdominal CT, but the estimated dose reduction was rather small. The full potential of the algorithm remains unclear.