Taxithelium, a moss genus traditionally associated with Sematophyllaceae and characterized by the presence of multiple papillae over the cell lumina, is revised with a worldwide perspective. Taxithelium subgenus Taxithelium comprises eight species. Endemic species include one each from Brazil, Africa, and South America, four from southeast Asia, and one species that occurs in both Africa and South America. Typifications, keys, descriptions, and illustrations are provided.