The simultaneous expression of 19 apoptosis-related genes was analyzed by RNA-protection assay in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of HIV-infected patients before and during successful antiretroviral therapy (ART). After 12 months of therapy, the expression of the pro-apoptotic genes FAS, FAS-L, FAF-1, FADD, CASPASE-8, DR3, TRAIL, TNFR-1, TRADD, and BAX was significantly downregulated with respect to time 0, while that of BCL-2, BCL-XL, and MCL-1 was significantly upregulated. The data suggest that inhibition of cell death in HIV-positive patients under successful therapy is the result of a complex network of multifactor signaling, correlated with both death and survival of lymphocytes. (c) 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.