The aim of this study was to define the clinical significance of transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) in patients with benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) and an elevated prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level. Methods:: We retrospectively evaluated patients with BPH, lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS; International Prostate Symptom Score [IPSS] ≥ 8), an elevated serum PSA level (≥ 4 ng/mL), and previous negative transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) guided prostate biopsy. The PSA level after TURP was monitored by long-term follow-up. The tumor detection rate on resected prostate tissue, IPSS, maximal urinary flow rate (Qmax), and postvoid residual urine (PVR) were analyzed. Results: One-hundred and eighty-six patients were enrolled. Histological examination of resected tissue by TURP revealed prostate cancer in 12 of these patients (6.5%). Among 174 patients without prostate cancer, the mean PSA level and the PSA normalization rate in 112 patients followed up at postoperative day (POD) 3 months were 1.26 ± 0.13 ng/mL and 94.6%, respectively. The mean PSA level and the PSA normalization rate were 1.28 ± 1.01 ng/mL and 95.7% in 47 patients at 1st year, 1.17 ±0.82 ng/mL and 97.1% in 34 patients at second years, and 1.34 ± 1.44 ng/mL and 97.2% in 36 patients at third years of TURP. One patient showed a dramatic increase in the PSA level was diagnosed with prostate cancer at 7 years after TURP. IPSS, quality of life, Qmax, and PVR were improved significantly at POD 3 months compared to baseline (P