CdSxSe1−x nanobelts with uniform and controllable composition are successfully fabricated by a one-step vapor-liquid-solid process. Temperature-dependent steady and time-resolved transient photoluminescence (PL) are studied for the obtained CdSxSe1−x nanobelts as well as pure CdS and CdSe nanobelts prepared in same method. For all samples, both band edge and surface state emission are found to contribute to the observed PL spectra. However, the emission originated from surface state is quite weak for CdSxSe1−x nanobelts as compared to CdS and CdSe. The reduced surface state emission in CdSxSe1−x nanobelts is ascribed to exciton localization due to random potential fluctuations. This attribution is further confirmed by the time-decay PL profiles where a very fast process of exciton transfer from interior to surface of nanobelts, observed in CdS and CdSe nanobelts, is absent for CdSxSe1−x nanobelts. These observations reveal that the surface effect of CdSxSe1−x nanobelts is less significant than that in CdS and CdSe nanobelts, which consequently leads to enhanced band-edge emission in CdSxSe1−x nanobelts.