Hydrological processes after a wildfire may take place under soil conditions altered by heat and by the pres-ence of ash. Soil and ash interact as a two-layer system with poorly understood hydrological properties, es-pecially when ash covers water repellent soil. Here we quantify the effect of an ash layer (0, 5, 15 and 30 mm depth) covering wettable and water repellent soil on (i) the hydrological response and the mechanism of runoff generation and (ii) the water repellency dynamics, for a rainfall event followed by different drying pe-riods and a second rainfall event. Laboratory rainfall simulation experiments (82.5 mm h − 1 during 40 min) at small plot-scale (0.09 m 2) were performed and surface and subsurface flow, sediment yield, splash detach-ment and moisture content evolution determined. Wettable soil without ash cover generated no surface run-off, but as a two-layer system temporary surface runoff was produced when ash became saturated, until water drained through the soil. Wetting and drying changed the hydrological properties of ash, increasing surface runoff for all ash depths. Over water repellent soil, the ash layer delayed and reduced surface runoff proportionally to ash depth (r = 0.99), reduced soil water repellency and promoted fingered subsurface flow. Ash protected the soil from splash and sheet erosion, particularly for water repellent soil. The results demon-strate that (i) the presence of an ash layer can have contrasting effects on surface runoff, depending on the wettability of the underlying soil, and (ii) a single wetting and drying event can substantially modify ash hy-drological properties.