Abstract Oxidative stress has long been linked to neuronal cell death that is associated with certain neurodegenerative conditions. Whether it is a primary cause or merely a downstream consequence of the neurodegenerative and aging process is still an open question. Mitochondria are deeply involved in the production of reactive oxygen species through the electron carriers of the respiratory chain and their role in neurodegenerative diseases is discussed here. Moreover, the input of new technological approaches in the study of oxidative stress response or in the evidence of an oxidative stress component in neurodegeneration is reviewed in this paper.