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Optica, Optics Express, 10(21), p. 12385, 2013

DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.012385

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Sensing the wavefront of x-ray free-electron lasers using aerosol spheres

Journal article published in 2013 by N. Duane Loh ORCID, N. Duane Loh, Dmitri Starodub, Lukas Lomb, Christina Y. Hampton, Andrew V. Martin ORCID, Raymond G. Sierra, Anton Barty ORCID, Andrew Aquila ORCID, Joachim Schulz, Jan Steinbrener, Robert L. Shoeman, Stephan Kassemeyer, Christoph Bostedt, John Bozek and other authors.
This paper is made freely available by the publisher.
This paper is made freely available by the publisher.

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Abstract

Characterizing intense, focused x-ray free electron laser (FEL) pulses is crucial for their use in diffractive imaging. We describe how the distribution of average phase tilts and intensities on hard x-ray pulses with peak intensities of 1021 W/m2 can be retrieved from an ensemble of diffraction patterns produced by 70 nm-radius polystyrene spheres, in a manner that mimics wavefront sensors. Besides showing that an adaptive geometric correction may be necessary for diffraction data from randomly injected sample sources, our paper demonstrates the possibility of collecting statistics on structured pulses using only the diffraction patterns they generate and highlights the imperative to study its impact on single-particle diffractive imaging.