Carboxymethylchitosan/poly(amidoamine) (CMCht/PAMAM) dendrimer nanoparticles, comprised of a PAMAM dendrimer core grafted with chains of CMCht, have recently been proposed for intracellular drug delivery. In previous reports, these nanoparticles had lower levels of cytotoxicity when compared with traditional dendrimers. In this study, the short-term in vivo biodistribution of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled CMCht/PAMAM dendrimer nanoparticles after intravenous (IV) injections in Wistar Han rats was determined. The brain, liver, kidney, and lung were collected at 24, 48, and 72 h after injection and stained with phalloidin–tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate (TRITC, red) and 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride (DAPI, blue) to trace the nanoparticles within these tissues. The liver, kidney, and lung were also stained for hematoxylin and eosin to assess any morphological alterations of these organs. CMCht/PAMAM dendrimer nanoparticles were observed within the vascular space and parenchyma of liver, kidney, and lung and in the choroid plexus, after each injection period. No particles were observed in the brain parenchyma, nor any apparent deleterious histological changes were observed within these organs. The CMCht/PAMAM dendrimer nanoparticles were stable in circulation for a period of up to 72 h, targeting the main organs/systems through internalization by the cells present in their parenchyma. These results provide positive indicators to their potential use in the future as intracellular drug delivery systems.