Carbon black/stainless steel mesh (CB/SSM) composite electrodes were developed as high-performance anodes of microbial fuel cell (MFC) by using a binder-free dipping/drying method. The acid-treatment and thin layer of CB coating greatly improved the microbial adhesion of the electrode surface and facilitated the electron transfer between the bacteria and the electrode surface. As a result, a single-layer CB/SSM anode with thickness of 0.3 mm could generate a projected current density of about 1.53 ± 0.15 mA cm−2 and volumetic current density of 51.0 ± 5.0 mA cm−3, which was much higher than that of the bare SSM anode and conventional carbon felt anode with thickness of 2 mm. Moreover, three-dimensional (3D) CB/SSM electrode could be prepared by simple folding the singe-layer SSM, and produced a projected current density to 10.07 ± 0.88 mA cm−2 and a volumetric current density of 18.66 ± 1.63 mA cm−3. The MFC equipped with the 3D-CB/SSM anode produced a high maximum power density of 3215 ± 80 mW m−2. The CB/SSM electrodes showed good mechanical and electrical properties, excellent microbial adhesion; it represented a high-performance, low-cost electrode material that is easy to fabricate and scale-up.