There is a growing interest for the use of microorganisms as probiotics, but often with a lack of careful microbiological analysis of products used for this purpose, which raises serious questions about safety and efficacy. A microbiological investigation has been conducted on a commercialised Italian pharmaceutical preparation to assess the presence of the species of Bifidobacterium claimed on the label. Bifidobacterium longum was isolated whereas Bifidobacterium breve and Bifidobacterium infantis were not, despite being claimed on the product label. In addition, Bifidobacterium animalis was detected although not declared.