We investigated whether primary hypercholesterolaemia per se affects glucose homeostasis and insulin secretion in low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout mice (LDLR(-/-)). Glucose plasma levels were increased and insulin decreased in LDLR(-/-) compared to the wild-type mice. LDLR(-/-) mice presented impaired glucose tolerance, but normal whole body insulin sensitivity. The dose-response curve of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion was shifted to the right in LDLR(-/-) islets. Significant reductions in insulin secretion in response to l-leucine or 2-ketoisocaproic acid were also observed in LDLR(-/-). Islet morphometric parameters, total insulin and DNA content were similar in both groups. Glucose uptake and oxidation were reduced in LDLR(-/-) islets. Removal of cholesterol from LDLR(-/-) islets corrected glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. These results indicate that enhanced membrane cholesterol content due to hypercholesterolaemia leads to a lower insulin secretion and glucose intolerance without affecting body insulin sensitivity. This represents an additional risk factor for diabetes and atherosclerosis in primary hypercholesterolaemia.