Electrospray sample deposition was explored for matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOFMS). In this method, nanoliter volumes of matrix/analyte mixture were electrosprayed from a high voltage biased (1–2 kV) fused-silica capillary onto a grounded MALDI plate mounted 100–500 Μm from the capillary outlet. Electrospray deposition with these conditions produced sample spots 200–300 Μm in diameter thus matching the laser spot size. Varying spray voltage and distance resulted in different crystal sizes and volatilization rates for Α -cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid matrix. Best results were obtained when the sample was deposited as wet droplets as opposed to deposition as dried solid. Under ‘wet-spray’ conditions, 2–4 Μm diameter crystals were formed and detection limits for several neuropeptides were 0.7–25 amol. Samples could be pre-concentrated on the plate by spraying continuously and allowing sample to evaporate in a small spot. Sample volumes as large as 580 nL were deposited yielding a detection limit of 35 pM for neurotensin 1-11. Electrospray sample deposition yielded similar results when using atmospheric pressure-MALDI coupled with a quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer, except that the sensitivity was ∼seven-fold worse. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.