Botryosphaeria spp. are important canker and die-back pathogens that affect Eucalyptus spp. They also occur endophytically in Eucalyptus leaves and stems. For the purpose of this study, Botryosphaeria strains were isolated from diseased and symptomless Eucalyptus material from Australia and South Africa. These isolates were induced to sporulate in culture, and compared with known species of Botryosphaeria. Selected isolates were also compared with authentic isolates of known Botryosphaeria spp. based on nuclear DNA sequence data of the ITS rDNA, P-tubulin and elongation factor l-alpha regions. Five Botryosphaeria spp. were identified from Eucalyptus plants. The ITS rDNA sequence data were then used to develop a PCR RFLP technique that could distinguish these species. Botryosphaeria eucalyptorum and a new species, B. eucalypticola, were the most common species on Eucalyptus in eastern Australia. These species also occur on Eucalyptus in South Africa, where they have most likely been introduced. Botryosphaeria parva was common on Eucalyptus in exotic environments, but rare on this host in Australia. Although B. dothidea was previously thought to be common on eucalypts, only one isolate of each of B. dothidea and B. australis were found in all the areas surveyed. No isolates of B. ribis, which was also commonly reported from Eucalyptus, were identified during this survey from Eucalyptus. Data from the present study provide the first holistic overview of the species of Botryosphaeria associated with Eucalyptus in both native and exotic environments.