The complex network of specialized cells and mole- cules in the immune system has evolved to defend against pathogens, but inadvertent immune system attacks on ‘‘self’’ result in autoimmune disease. Both genetic regulation of immune cell levels and their rela- tionships with autoimmunity are largely undetermined. Here, we report genetic contributions to quantitative levels of 95 cell types encompassing 272 immune traits, in a cohort of 1,629 individuals from four clus- tered Sardinian villages. We first estimated trait herita- bility, showing that it can be substantial, accounting for up to 87% of the variance (mean 41%). Next, by assessing $8.2 million variants that we identified and confirmed in an extended set of 2,870 individuals, 23 independent variants at 13 loci associated with at least one trait. Notably, variants at three loci (HLA, IL2RA, and SH2B3/ATXN2) overlap with known autoimmune disease associations. These results connect specific cellular phenotypes to specific genetic variants, help- ing to explicate their involvement in disease.