Objective. To study the mRNA expression and protein tissue distribution of IL-32 in ileal biopsy specimens from patients with AS.Methods. Quantitative gene expression analysis, by real-time PCR, of IL-32, IL-1β, IL-10, TNF-α and IFN-γ was performed on ileal biopsies of 15 AS and 15 Crohn's disease (CD) patients and 10 healthy subjects (HSs). IL-32 tissue distribution was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. The effect of IL-32 on the production of IL-10 by intestinal epithelial cell lines was also evaluated.Results. In the ileal specimens of patients with AS and intestinal chronic inflammation, significant up-regulation of IL-32 at both the mRNA and protein levels was found as compared with non-inflamed AS patients and controls. IL-32 over-expression in AS was accompanied by a significant increase of IL-10 but not of cytokines involved in IL-32 induction. IL-32 stimulates intestinal epithelial cell lines in vitro to produce IL-10.Conclusion. Our findings suggest IL-32 as an important cytokine probably involved in the innate immune response occurring in early phases of intestinal inflammation, where it seems to play a prevalent protective role.