PURPOSE: To evaluate long-term outcomes of eye-conserving treatment using Ruthenium-106 plaque brachytherapy with or without transpupillary thermotherapy (TTT) for small to intermediate size choroidal melanomas. METHODS: Outcomes of 425 consecutive patients were analysed. The median basal tumour diameter was 10.9 mm (range 4.8-15.9 mm), and the median apical height 4.2 mm (range 1.2-9.3 mm). Brachytherapy doses ranged from 400 to 600Gy with TTT (86%), or from 600 to 800Gy without TTT (14%), specified at the scleral surface. Kaplan-Meier survival curves, log-rank tests and Cox regression analysis were used for analysis. RESULTS: Median follow-up was 50 months. Five-year actuarial local control was 96%. Five-year overall and metastases-free survival rates were 79.6% and 76.5%. Prognostic factors for metastasis-free survival were peripheral location (p=0.02) and smaller basal diameter (p0.10) eye preservation rates were 96% and 52% at 5 years. CONCLUSIONS: Ruthenium-106 brachytherapy for choroidal melanoma provides excellent rates of local control and eye preservation.