Published in

Springer, Letters in Peptide Science, 5-6(10), p. 523-531, 2003

DOI: 10.1007/bf02442584

Springer Verlag, International Journal of Peptide Research and Therapeutics, 5-6(10), p. 523-531

DOI: 10.1007/s10989-004-2417-4

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Diversity in the disulfide folding pathways of cystine knot peptides

Journal article published in 2003 by Norelle L. Daly, Richard J. Clark ORCID, Ulf Goransson, David J. Craik ORCID
This paper was not found in any repository, but could be made available legally by the author.
This paper was not found in any repository, but could be made available legally by the author.

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Abstract

The plant cyclotides are a fascinating family of circular proteins that contain a cyclic cystine knot motif (CCK). This unique family was discovered only recently but contains over 50 known sequences to date. Various biological activities are associated with these peptides including antimicrobial and insecticidal activity. The knotted topology and cyclic nature of the cyclotides; poses interesting questions about the folding mechanisms and how the knotted arrangement of disulfide bonds is formed. Some studies have been performed on related inhibitor cystine knot (ICK) containing peptides, but little is known about the folding mechanisms of CCK molecules. We have examined the oxidative refolding and reductive unfolding of the prototypic member of the cyclotide family, kalata B1. Analysis of the rates of formation of the intermediates along the reductive unfolding pathway highlights the stability conferred by the cystine knot motif. Significant differences are observed between the folding of kalata B1 and an acyclic cystine knot protein, EETI-II, suggesting that the circular backbone has a significant influence in directing the folding pathway.