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MDPI, Sensors, 5(12), p. 5650-5669, 2012

DOI: 10.3390/s120505650

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Time-domain fluorescence lifetime imaging techniques suitable for solid-state imaging sensor arrays

Journal article published in 2012 by David Day-Uei Li, Simon Ameer-Beg, Jochen Arlt ORCID, David Tyndall, Richard Walker, Daniel R. Matthews, Viput Visitkul, Justin Richardson, Robert K. Henderson
This paper is made freely available by the publisher.
This paper is made freely available by the publisher.

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Abstract

We have successfully demonstrated video-rate CMOS single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD)-based cameras for fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) by applying innovative FLIM algorithms. We also review and compare several time-domain techniques and solid-state FLIM systems, and adapt the proposed algorithms for massive CMOS SPAD-based arrays and hardware implementations. The theoretical error equations are derived and their performances are demonstrated on the data obtained from 0.13 μm CMOS SPAD arrays and the multiple-decay data obtained from scanning PMT systems. In vivo two photon fluorescence lifetime imaging data of FITC-albumin labeled vasculature of a P22 rat carcinosarcoma (BD9 rat window chamber) are used to test how different algorithms perform on bi-decay data. The proposed techniques are capable of producing lifetime images with enough contrast.