Objectives: Data from rodent models indicate that invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are key regulators of many immune responses including autoimmune arthritis, but their role in human diseases is unclear. The aims of this study are to determine whether iNKT cell frequency and function are altered in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and the clinical significance of such iNKT cell abnormalities. Methods: Peripheral blood iNKT cell frequency and proliferative response to an iNKT cell-specific agonist, a-galactosylceramide were measured in 46 RA patients (including 23 untreated, newly diagnosed patients), 22 healthy controls and 27 patients presenting with recent-onset joint pain. The relationship between iNKT cell frequency and clinical characteristics and the effects of immunosuppressive treatment was examined. Results: Compared with healthy controls, RA patients had a decreased frequency of peripheral blood iNKT cells (median 0.001% vs 0.021%, p