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American Chemical Society, ACS Nano, 10(8), p. 9954-9963, 2014

DOI: 10.1021/nn5014534

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Spontaneous Formation of Nanopatterns in Velocity-Dependent Dip-Coated Organic Films: From Dragonflies to Stripes

This paper is made freely available by the publisher.
This paper is made freely available by the publisher.

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Abstract

We present an experimental study of the micro- and mesoscopic structure of thin, medium length, n-alkane films on the native oxide layer of a silicon surface, prepared by dip-coating in a n-C32H66/n-heptane solution. Electron micrographs reveal two distinct adsorption morphologies depending on the substrate withdrawal speed v. For small v, dragonfly-shaped molecular islands are observed. For a large v, stripes parallel to the withdrawal direction are observed. These have a few hundred micrometer lengths and a few-micrometer lateral separation. For a constant v, the stripes' quality and separation increase with the solution concentration. Grazing incidence X-ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy show that both patterns are 4.2 nm thick monolayers of fully extended, surface-normal-aligned alkane molecules. With increasing v, the surface coverage first decreases, then increases for v > v_cr ~ 0.15 mm/s. The critical v_cr marks a transition between the evaporation regime, where the solvent's meniscus remains at the bulk's surface, and the entrainment (Landau-Levich-Deryaguin) regime, where the solution is partially dragged by the substrate, covering the withdrawn substrate by a homogeneous film. The dragonflies are single-crystals with habits determined by dendritic growth in prominent 2D crystalline directions of randomly seeded, quasi-hexagonal nuclei. The stripes' strong crystalline texture and the well defined separation are due to an anisotropic 2D crystallization in narrow liquid fingers, which result from a Marangoni-flow-driven hydrodynamic instability in the evaporating dip-coated films, akin to the tears of wine phenomenology.