Purpose : To evaluate whether cystatin C in serum (sCyC) and urine (uCyC) can predict early acute kidney injury (AKI) in a mixed heterogeneous intensive care unit (ICU), and also whether these biomarkers can predict the need for renal replacement therapy (RRT). Methods: Multicenter prospective observational cohort study in patients =18 years old and with expected ICU stay =72 h. The RIFLE class for AKI was calculated daily, while sCyC and uCyC were determined on days 0, 1, and alternate days until ICU discharge. Test characteristics were calculated to assess the diagnostic performance of CyC. Results: One hundred fifty-one patients were studied, and three groups were defined: group 0 (N = 60), non-AKI; group 1 (N = 35), AKI after admission; and group 2 (N = 56), AKI at admission. We compared the two days prior to developing AKI from group 1 with the first two study days from group 0. On Day –2, median sCyC was significantly higher (0.93 versus 0.80 mg/L, P = 0.01), but not on Day –1 (0.98 versus 0.86 mg/L, P = 0.08). The diagnostic performance for sCyC was fair on Day –2 [area under the curve (AUC) 0.72] and poor on Day –1 (AUC 0.62). Urinary CyC had no diagnostic value on either of the two days prior to AKI (AUC