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A holistic and integrated approach to implementing cognitive pharmaceutical services

This paper was not found in any repository; the policy of its publisher is unknown or unclear.
This paper was not found in any repository; the policy of its publisher is unknown or unclear.

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Abstract

Community pharmacy is part of the health care system which is currently under economic pressure and facing changes in demands from consumers and government. In response, the pharmacy profession is becoming more patient orientated and implementing cognitive pharmaceutical services (CPS). CPS in various countries has similar objectives with different emphasis, definitions, labels and using different tools. However, they can be classified using a broad hierarchical model based on clinical decision making and the extent of change required (Box 1). The challenges faced by the profession are related the development of a new patient orientated model of pharmacy which affects health care policy, education and research, the evolution of the market, the individual and organisational approaches to change and the implementation of CPS. These issues and previous research conducted in pharmacy practice have been synthesised to provide a platform for change that can guide a holistic and integrated approach to CPS implementation. Implementation can be conceptually framed in six levels: clinical, service provision, community pharmacy, professional organisation, government and stakeholder (Figure 1). Past experience with service implementation has seen the application of programs that include one or two of these levels in practice rather than a holistic approach. A concentric model was developed to illustrate the implementation of CPS and the holistic and integrated approach required to support change. A program (conSIGUE) being conducted in Spain has attempted to integrate all six levels to support the implementation and evaluation of a medication management service (Seguimiento Farmacoterap??utico) ; La Farmacia Comunitaria forma parte del sistema de salud. Este sistema actualmente se encuentra sometido a presiones econ??micas y debe afrontar cambios en la demanda tanto de los consumidores como de los gobiernos. La respuesta de la profesi??n farmac??utica est?? dirigida a orientar su pr??ctica hacia el paciente y a implantar servicios cognitivos farmac??uticos (CPS). En distintos pa??ses estos servicios tiene objetivos similares aunque presentan diferencias en el ??nfasis de los servicios, en sus definiciones, denominaciones y en la utilizaci??n de diferentes herramientas. Sin embargo, todos ellos pueden clasificarse utilizando un amplio modelo jer??rquico que se basa en la toma de decisiones cl??nicas y en la amplitud del cambio requerido. (Box 1). Los retos que debe afrontar la profesi??n est??n relacionados con el desarrollo de un nuevo modelo de farmacia orientado al paciente que afecta a las pol??ticas de salud, a la formaci??n e investigaci??n, a la evoluci??n de los mercados, a los abordajes del cambio tanto a nivel individual como organizacional, y a la implantaci??n de CPS. Estos temas y la investigaci??n en pr??ctica farmac??utica que se ha venido realizando con anterioridad han sido sintetizados para proporcionar una plataforma para el cambio que pueda guiar un planteamiento hol??stico e integrado de implantaci??n de CPS. Conceptualmente la implantaci??n de CPS puede enmarcarse en seis niveles: cl??nico, provisi??n de servicios, farmacia comunitaria, organizaci??n profesional, gobierno y agentes implicados (Figura 1). La experiencia reciente relacionada con la implantaci??n de servicios ha mostrado la aplicaci??n de programas de implantaci??n que han incluido uno o dos de estos niveles en lugar de haber utilizado un abordaje hol??stico. Por ello se ha desarrollado un modelo conc??ntrico para ilustrar la implantaci??n de CPS dentro del planteamiento integrado y hol??stico necesario para apoyar el cambio En Espa??a se ha desarrollado un programa (conSIGUE) que pretende integrar los seis niveles con el objetivo de apoyar la implantaci??n y evaluaci??n de un CPS, el servicio de seguimiento farmacoterap??utico.