Abstract Background and objectives Studies analysing the association of albuminuria and prevalent frailty in community-dwelling very old adults are scarce and lack information on incident frailty. We investigated the association of kidney function decline and increase of albuminuria with frailty worsening or death in very old adults. Design Longitudinal analyses with biennial visits of the Berlin Initiative (cohort) Study and a frailty follow-up of 2.1 years. Setting/subjects 1,076 participants with a mean age of 84.3 (5.6) years of whom 54% were female. Methods Partial proportional odds models were used to assess the association of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) decline and/or albuminuria (albumin creatinine ratio, ACR) with frailty worsening or death. Results At frailty baseline, 1,076 participants with an eGFR of 50 (13) ml/min/1.73 m2, 48% being prefrail and 31% frail were included. After median 2.1 years, 960 (90%) participants had valid information on frailty transition: 187 (17.5%) worsened and 111 (10.3%) died. In the multivariable model, the odds of frailty worsening for participants with albuminuria in combination with eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m2 were elevated [OR (95% CI): 2.47 (1.41–4.31)] compared to participants without albuminuria and eGFR ≥60 ml/min/1.73 m2 as there was a rapid eGFR decline of ≥3 ml/min/1.73 m2 per year [1.55 (1.04–2.33)] and albuminuria trajectories six years prior [1.53 (1.11–2.10)] to frailty baseline. The odds of death for each exposure were even higher. Conclusions In older adults, advanced stages of CKD and albuminuria alone were associated with 2-fold odds of frailty worsening independent of death.