Dissemin is shutting down on January 1st, 2025

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MDPI, Brain Sciences, 8(14), p. 744, 2024

DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14080744

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The Interplay between Gender and Duration of Hospitalization Modulates Psychiatric Symptom Severity in Subjects with Long COVID-19

This paper is made freely available by the publisher.
This paper is made freely available by the publisher.

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Data provided by SHERPA/RoMEO

Abstract

Long COVID-19 is characterized by ongoing symptoms or prolonged or long-term complications of SARS-CoV-2 contraction which persist beyond 4 weeks from the initial onset of symptoms. Gender and duration of hospitalization (DH) are key risk factors for developing long COVID-19 syndrome, but their impact and interplay need further study. This research involved 996 long COVID-19 patients, and we compared the levels of general psychopathology, depression, agitated depression, anxiety, and medication use between hospitalized and non-hospitalized males and females. In the hospitalized patients, multivariate regressions assessed the impact of gender, DH, and the interaction of these variables. The females had higher levels of long COVID-19 symptoms, psychotropic drug use, depression, anxiety, and general psychopathology than the males. The non-hospitalized females exhibited more severe agitated depression than the non-hospitalized males. In females, DH was more strongly correlated with the number of psychotropic medications used during long COVID-19. A negative correlation was found between DH and severity of agitated depression in the female patients only. These results highlight that the gender-specific relationship between DH and agitated depression severity should be explored further.