AbstractAerobic and resistance exercise (RE) induce distinct molecular responses. One hypothesis is that these responses are antagonistic and unfavorable for the anabolic response to RE when concurrent exercise is performed. This thesis may also depend on the participants' training status and concurrent exercise order. We measured free‐living myofibrillar protein synthesis (MyoPS) rates and associated molecular responses to resistance‐only and concurrent exercise (with different exercise orders), before and after training. Moderately active men completed one of three exercise interventions (matched for age, baseline strength, body composition, and aerobic capacity): resistance‐only exercise (RE, n = 8), RE plus high‐intensity interval exercise (RE+HIIE, n = 8), or HIIE+RE (n = 9). Participants trained 3 days/week for 10 weeks; concurrent sessions were separated by 3 h. On the first day of Weeks 1 and 10, muscle was sampled immediately before and after, and 3 h after each exercise mode and analyzed for molecular markers of MyoPS and muscle glycogen. Additional muscle, sampled pre‐ and post‐training, was used to determine MyoPS using orally administered deuterium oxide (D₂O). In both weeks, MyoPS rates were comparable between groups. Post‐exercise changes in proteins reflective of protein synthesis were also similar between groups, though MuRF1 and MAFbx mRNA exhibited some exercise order‐dependent responses. In Week 10, exercise‐induced changes in MyoPS and some genes (PGC‐1ɑ and MuRF1) were dampened from Week 1. Concurrent exercise (in either order) did not compromise the anabolic response to resistance‐only exercise, before or after training. MyoPS rates and some molecular responses to exercise are diminished after training.