Background The purpose of this study is to compare the prevalence of self‐reported cardiovascular conditions among individuals with moderate to severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) to a propensity‐matched control cohort. Methods and Results A cross‐sectional study described self‐reported cardiovascular conditions (hypertension, congestive heart failure [CHF], myocardial infarction [MI], and stroke) from participants who completed interviews between January 2015 and March 2020 in 2 harmonized large cohort studies, the TBI Model Systems and the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Mixed‐effect logistic regression models were used to compare the prevalence of cardiovascular conditions after 1:1 propensity‐score matching based on age, sex, race, ethnicity, body mass index, education level, and smoking status. The final sample was 4690 matched pairs. Individuals with TBI were more likely to report hypertension (odds ratio [OR], 1.18 [95% CI, 1.08–1.28]) and stroke (OR, 1.70 [95% CI, 1.56–1.98]) but less likely to report CHF (OR, 0.81 [95% CI, 0.67–0.99]) or MI (OR, 0.66 [95% CI, 0.55–0.79]). There was no difference in rate of CHF or MI for those ≤50 years old; however, rates of CHF and MI were lower in the TBI group for individuals >50 years old. Over 65% of individuals who died before the first follow‐up interview at 1 year post‐TBI were >50 years old, and those >50 years old were more likely to die of heart disease than those ≤50 years old (17.6% versus 8.6%). Conclusions Individuals with moderate to severe TBI had an increased rate of self‐reported hypertension and stroke but lower rate of MI and CHF than uninjured adults, which may be due to survival bias.