AbstractBackgroundThe efficacy of adjuvant therapy for patients with cervical cancer with intermediate risk (CC‐IR) remains controversial. We examined the impact of adjuvant therapy on survival outcomes in patients with CC‐IR and evaluated the heterogeneous treatment effects (HTEs) of adjuvant therapies based on clinicopathologic characteristics.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed a previous Japanese nationwide cohort of 6192 patients with stage IB–IIB cervical cancer who underwent radical hysterectomy. We created two pairs of propensity score‐matched treatment/control groups to investigate the treatment effects of adjuvant therapies: (1) adjuvant therapy versus non‐adjuvant therapy; (2) chemotherapy versus radiotherapy conditional on adjuvant therapy. Multivariate analyses with treatment interactions were performed to evaluate the HTEs.ResultsAmong the 1613 patients with CC‐IR, 619 and 994 were in the non‐treatment and treatment groups, respectively. Survival outcomes did not differ between the two groups: 3‐year progression‐free survival (PFS) rates were 88.1% and 90.3% in the non‐treatment and treatment groups, respectively (p = 0.199). Of the patients in the treatment group, 654 and 340 received radiotherapy and chemotherapy, respectively. Patients who received chemotherapy had better PFS than those who received radiotherapy (3‐year PFS, 90.9% vs. 82.9%, p = 0.010). Tumor size was a significant factor that affected the treatment effects of chemotherapy; patients with large tumors gained better therapeutic effects from chemotherapy than those with small tumors.ConclusionAdjuvant therapy is optional for some patients with CC‐IR; however, chemotherapy can be recommended as adjuvant therapy, particularly for patients with large tumors.