As one of the most important members of the two-dimensional (2D) chalcogenide family, MoS2 plays a fundamental role in the development of 2D electronic and optoelectronic designs. However, MoS2-based optoelectronic devices are hindered by their weak light–matter interactions, which make it challenging to achieve excellent device performance in photoelectronic memory applications. Here, we developed a multifunctional optoelectronic memory by coupling Au nanoparticles with MoS2, where the presence of Au nanoparticles on the surface significantly enhanced the light absorption capacity of MoS2 through the surface-plasmon-enhanced effect. The device achieved a photoresponse capability with a light current-to-dark current ratio exceeding 103, surpassing the majority of values reported for comparable photoconductive detectors. Importantly, it exhibits excellent light writing, storage, and erasuring capabilities, with a storage time exceeding 1000 s. Based on this device, a 3 × 3 array hardware core is designed to mimic human retinal imaging under the irradiation of 660, 532, and 457 nm lasers by using R-CNN algorithm, reducing power consumption, and redundancy. These advancements have the potential to drive future developments in neuromorphic electronics, particularly in optical information sensing and learning.