AbstractBackgroundPostinjury multiple organ failure (MOF) is the leading cause of late trauma deaths, with primarily non‐modifiable risk factors. Timing of surgery as a potentially modifiable risk factor is frequently proposed, but has not been quantified. We aimed to compare mortality, hospital length of stay (LOS), and ICU LOS between MOF patients who had surgery that preceded MOF with modifiable timings versus those with non‐modifiable timings.MethodsRetrospective analysis of an ongoing 17‐year prospective cohort study of ICU polytrauma patients at‐risk of MOF. Among MOF patients (Denver score>3), we identified patients who had surgery that preceded MOF, determined whether the timing of these operation(s) were modifiable(M) or non‐modifiable (non‐M), and evaluated the change in physiological parameters as a result of surgery.ResultsOf 716 polytrauma patients at‐risk of MOF, 205/716 (29%) developed MOF, and 161/205 (79%) had surgery during their ICU admission. Of the surgical MOF patients, 147/161 (91%) had one or more operation(s) that preceded MOF, and 65/161 (40%) of them had operation(s) with modifiable timings. There were no differences in age (mean (SD) 52 (19) vs 53 (21)years), injury severity score (median (IQR) 34 (26–41)vs34 (25–44)), admission physiological and resuscitation parameters, between M and non‐M‐patients. M patients had longer ICU LOS (median (IQR) 18 (12–28)versus 11 (8–16)days, p < 0.0001) than non‐M‐patients, without difference in mortality (14%vs16%, p = 0.7347), or hospital LOS (median (IQR) 32 (18–52)vs27 (17–47)days, p = 0.3418). M‐patients had less fluids and transfusions intraoperatively. Surgery did not compromise patient physiology.ConclusionOperations preceding MOF are common in polytrauma and seem to be safe in maintaining physiology. The margin for improvement from optimizing surgical timing is modest, contrary to historical assumptions.