Acute symptomatic epileptic seizures are one of the complications of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The etiological factors leading to the development of this complication differ from those in the general population, while the significance of each of them is different depending on the time after transplantation. We analyze the literature data on the role of drugs, metabolic disorders and infectious complications, as well as the structural pathology of the brain substance in the development of acute symptomatic seizures in patients with oncohematological pathology. We also consider the clinical features of symptomatic epileptic seizures and the possible prognostic significance of their development in patients who underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.