A laminar diffusion flame was measured by X-ray Compton scattering. The temperature distribution was measured from an analysis of Compton scattered X-ray intensity. The chemical state distribution was obtained from a Compton scattered X-ray spectrum analysis (s-parameter analysis). The analysis of intensity and s-parameter of Compton scattered X-ray spectra indicate that the propane molecule emitted from the cylindrical Bunsen burner collapse immediately coincides with soot generation. Furthermore, the temperature increases up to 1500 K and a large amount of CO2 was generated at the combustion field. Our results show that the Compton scattered X-ray analysis can be a novel nondestructive measurement for temperature and chemical states in a combustion reaction.