The populations of the Arctic Ocean coast in Eastern Siberia (Russia) are represented by a multicultural conglomerate of peoples of different origins: Paleo-Asiatic (Chukchi), Uralic (Yukaghirs), Tungusic (Evenks, Evens), Turkic (Yakuts, Dolgans), and Slavic (Russian explorers), who inhabited this territory during various historical periods. However, among the modern Arctic populations there are still “white spots”, such as people of the small village of “Russkoe Ust’ye”, who still have not been thoroughly studied. The main population consists of so called Russian old-settlers—the Russkoustinians. They traditionally distinguish their lineages into three groups identified by their time of settlement. First are the “Pomors”—who according to their legends are considered as the descendants of the first European colonists of the Age of Discovery, who settled the eastern shores of the Arctic Ocean in the 16th century before the inclusion of this territory in the Russian Empire in the early 17th century. Second are the “Cossacks”—who reached the Arctic during explorations of Siberia. The last are the “Zashiversk”—who arrived after the abolition of their hometown. In order to test these hypotheses, we analyzed modern family name diversity based on information on 62 individuals from 36 questionnaires. The analysis revealed that the “Pomors” lineages were presented in five families (43.5%), the “Cossacks” in one family (6.5%), and the “Zashiversk” in 37.1% of families. This fact indicates a probability that this village was founded by Russian Pomors who arrived there by the Northern Sea Routes before the official East Siberian colonization period.