The agro-biodiversity of vegetables is threatened, posing major concerns for the future of landraces, which are of fundamental importance both for food safety and for assuring an income to small-scale farmers. To counteract such a trend, the Puglia region (southern Italy) set up a plan to recover, characterize and preserve the resources at risk of genetic erosion. In our paper, we present a case study regarding an artichoke landrace, the ‘Carciofo di Lucera’ variety, that encompasses all activities foreseen in the Puglia region’s plan which is the result of the multi-actor project “BiodiverSO”. Such a project allowed us to recover and characterize crop genetic resources and to pave the way for further actions to preserve and valorize the agro-biodiversity of local vegetables that are still present in the Puglia region. Furthermore, we collected some evidence that allowed us to backdate the origin of artichoke cultivation in the Puglia region by about two centuries and, most important of all, to recover some populations of ‘Carciofo di Lucera’. These preliminary phases were followed by the characterization of this local variety, both from the morphological and the molecular point of view, so that we can discriminate this landrace from other artichoke varieties more accurately. Eventually, we collected all the information in electronic databases and data sheets, thus providing a tool for the public administration which will be useful in the in situ conservation phase.