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Real-time observation of discrete Andreev tunneling events

Journal article published in 2010 by V. F. Maisi, O.-P. Saira, Y.-U. A. Pashkin, Yu A. Pashkin ORCID, J. S. Tsai, D. V. Averin, Jukka P. Pekola
This paper is available in a repository.
This paper is available in a repository.

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Abstract

Physical Review Letters Vol.106 Nr.21, 217003 ; We provide a direct proof of two-electron Andreev transitions in a superconductor–normal-metal tunnel junction by detecting them in a real-time electron counting experiment. Our results are consistent with ballistic Andreev transport with an order of magnitude higher rate than expected for a uniform barrier, suggesting that only part of the interface is effectively contributing to the transport. These findings are quantitatively supported by our direct current measurements in single-electron transistors with similar tunnel barriers.