AbstractThe small hive beetle, Aethina tumida (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae), is an economically important pest of the Western honeybee, Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae). We investigated the effect of rearing environment on the cuticular chemical profile of adult A. tumida, using hexane to extract the hydrocarbons and other compounds from the cuticles of beetles. Beetles were collected from A. mellifera colonies in Australia as well as reared in single sex laboratory cultures on different diets. We investigated whether rearing environment (laboratory vs. field, different apiaries, access to mating partners, diet) had any effect on cuticular hydrocarbons. Coupled gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analyses of the extracts showed that rearing environment had significant qualitative and quantitative effects on the hydrocarbons detected. The data support the hypothesis that cuticular profiles of A. tumida are contingent on environment, partitioning on the basis of rearing diet and source hives. The finding has implications for the regulation of interactions between A. tumida and honeybees and improvements in targeting of management strategies.