AbstractThe identification of tissue-resident memory T cells (T_RMcells) has significantly improved our understanding of immunity. In the last decade, studies have demonstrated that T_RMcells are induced after an acute T-cell response, remain in peripheral organs for several years, and contribute to both an efficient host defense and autoimmune disease. T_RMcells are found in the kidneys of healthy individuals and patients with various kidney diseases. A better understanding of these cells and their therapeutic targeting might provide new treatment options for infections, autoimmune diseases, graft rejection, and cancer. In this review, we address the definition, phenotype, and developmental mechanisms of T_RMcells. Then, we further discuss the current understanding of T_RMcells in kidney diseases, such as infection, autoimmune disease, cancer, and graft rejection after transplantation.