Global warming and human activities have intensified the duration, frequency, and extent of climatic extremes. The projected rise in global mean annual temperature of 1.5 °C/2 °C is thought to have severe impacts on the population exposed to droughts. Although these impacts on humans have been widely explored, the impacts associated with the cropland exposed to droughts have not been widely investigated. Here, we have examined the spatiotemporal pattern of China’s drought conditions and cropland exposure to droughts under global warming of 1.5 °C and 2 °C, along with the avoided impacts (as evaluated by the cropland exposure to droughts) when limiting the global warming to 1.5 °C instead of 2 °C. Results suggest that compared to the reference period (1995–2014), drought conditions will be alleviated when the projected rise in mean global temperature is limited to 1.5 °C rather than 2.0 °C. Although severe droughts tend to be mainly distributed in northwestern China, drought severities are increasing in southern China, especially in the southeastern region. In addition, the total cropland exposure to droughts across China exhibits an increasing trend in response to the 0.5 °C of additional global warming, especially in northwestern China and Huang−Huai−Hai region. If global warming could be limited to 1.5 °C, the avoided impact will exceed 30%, especially in northwestern China, southwestern China, and the Huang−Huai−Hai Plain. Furthermore, the rising cropland exposure to droughts under the 2 °C global warming is likely to be triggered by the rising frequencies of moderate and extreme droughts. Therefore, climate mitigation strategies are urgently needed to keep the global temperature rise below 1.5 °C, for the future sustainability of China’s cropland.