AbstractSoil respiration is an important pathway of soil organic carbon losses in temperate grasslands; however, it is rarely studied across broad management intensity gradients in a landscape. Using the soda-lime method, we measured in-situ soil CO₂ efflux with single measurements of long exposure time (i.e. 3 day long) in 150 grasslands in three German regions in early summer 2018 and 2019. The grasslands ranged from unfertilized and grazed grasslands to intensively fertilized and frequently harvested ones. To assess effects of grazing and fertilization intensities and plant diversity on soil CO₂ efflux, we used Structural Equation Modeling to account for direct effects and indirect effects through soil and plant organic matter quantity and quality. Soil CO₂ efflux was suppressed by limited water availability caused by naturally occurring droughts in both study years. Under the prevailing environmental conditions, grazing intensity, plant biomass and plant C:N ratio were not related to soil CO₂ efflux. In contrast, fertilization intensity was positively associated with soil CO₂ efflux (standardized coefficient of net effect: + 0.04 in 2018 and + 0.03 in 2019). This was because fertilization led to lower plant species richness and, thus, to lower C:N ratios in soils, which were associated with higher soil CO₂ efflux (plant species richness net effect: −0.09 in 2018 and −0.18 in 2019; soil C:N ratio direct effect: −0.23 in 2018 and −0.33 in 2019). Intensively managed grasslands have higher soil respiration than extensively managed, plant species-rich grasslands even under the extreme conditions of natural droughts.