Calcium sulfate exists in three forms, namely dihydrate or gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O), anhydrite (CaSO4), and hemihydrate or bassanite (CaSO4·0.5H2O) depending on temperature, pressure, pH, and formation conditions. The formation of calcium sulfates occurs widely in nature and in many engineering settings. Herein, a dataset containing the experimental solubility data of calcium sulfate minerals, i.e., gypsum and anhydrite, in aqueous solutions is presented. The compiled dataset contains calcium sulfates solubility values extracted from 42 papers published between 1906 and 2019. The dataset can be used for various scientific and engineering purposes such as environmental applications (e.g., gas treatment, wastewater treatment, and chemical disposal), geotechnical applications (e.g., clay-sulfate rock swelling), separation processes (e.g., crystallization, extractive distillation, and seawater desalination), and electrochemical processes (e.g., corrosion and electrolysis).